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ilets exam tofel business english a pro nice speaker here is my essay content Ⅱ. The Introduction to Behaviorism Behaviorism is a practical theory, it is establish by a lot of experiments. Especially Mr. Watson was the founder of behaviorism since he was practiced Pavlovian conditioning theory. In 1930s, Mr. Skinner Bandura, Svendsen, Eric proposed different theories. From agreeing with the circumstance’s improvement to disagreeing that because there is a changeable reason- people’ s inner changing reaction and stimuli should be linked to innate learning process. In order to solve out the economics problem and politics inner war, so many psychologists get in together to investigate human-beings mental problem after big trauma. That is why psychologist theories coming hooking in so many theories for the sake of same properties’ solution. For the next, we are going to see the hard process of establishment Behaviorism. 2.1 Establishment of Behaviorism Establishment means who is the founder. How they can stand on this place for so long time and never fell down. Watson is a pioneer of Behaviorism. He advocates that psychology should abandon too many subjective things such as consciousness and imagery, and only study the observed and objectively measurable stimuli and reactions. To illustrate more, there is a scholar explained “consider a hungry rat in an experimental chamber. If a particular movement, such as pressing a lever when a light is on, is followed by the presentation of food, then the likelihood of the rat’s pressing the lever when hungry, again, and the light is on, is increased. Such presentations are reinforcements, such lights are (discriminative) stimuli, such lever pressings are responses, and such trials or associations are learning histories.”(Graham 2000). To some extents, behaviorism is more likely scientific thing. It is the same thing as a famous psychologist in German named Marks. He was living in the nearly years, in the anguish of capitalist was bringing in, he still works for it and never give up. In that century, started an experiment is very hard, but we still focus on that. In the next page we are going to embark a new journey –development of Behaviorism. 2.2 Development of Behaviorism Gradually, for western countries in 1930s, Mr. Skinner developed Mr. Watson’s theories, he thinks behaviorism should be divided into two parts. First is stimulation, second is reaction. After a few months, in same year 1930s, Skinner, Bandura, Svendsen, Eric proposed different theories. For Bandura, he suggests that the events and environments people experience can affect their thinking and emotional responses. He also proposed many viewpoints on learning and memory. For Bandura, he believed that memory is a process of reconstruction, and his “memory system” theory became one of the important directions studied by later scholars. For Skinner, he believes that behavior is primarily shaped and controlled through external stimuli and rewards. He proposed three basic forms of behavior: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment, which can help people form new or change old behavior patterns. For Svendsen, he proposed an important theory of learning and memory, which he referred to as “customized learning”. He believes that learning does not occur in the form of traditional direct stimulus responses, but rather establishes a correlation between learners’ knowledge structure and their problem-solving methods. That is to say, learning needs to gradually build on existing knowledge, rather than individual stimuli. For Anderson, He mainly studies cognitive development and thinking processes. He believes that the way humans think and perceive is an organized structure, and these structures can change over time. He proposed the “balance theory”, which advocates that when humans search for new cognitive information, they compare it with what they know to maintain a balance in their worldview. Newly, in 2023, Mr. Murphy from Chicago university made Beyond Positivism, Behaviorism and Neoinstitutionalism in Economics. Nowadays, behaviorism mostly applied in every important department for countries. For Chinese sholars, in 1922, Mr. Guo published a few books like How to Get our Instinct, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology showed us how to read people’s minds in neo-behaviorism. He was selected as one of the famous psychologists in the world. In 1950, Mr. Wang published a book Unesco and International Scientific Organizatio and In 1964, he published The neural control of sweating. He was Chinese pioneer of psychology which brought electronic devices into human-beings’ structures. Highly in 2023, Mr. Yao made behaviorism fuse with education, he thinks that rise and development of modern learning theory has brought new insights to the development of modern education, among which the application of behaviorist learning theory has played an important role in promoting the development of modern education. Above all of that was different behaviorists proposed different theories, Watson was the main core in Classical Behaviorism which is pre-behaviorism. Bandura , Svendsen, Skinner and Aderson belonged to operant behaviorism. Some Chinese scholars and Mr. Murphy were fans of social conginitive behaviorism. Reading theories are quite fatigue. In the next chapter, we are going to talk about the association how Behaviorism and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn linked together.
